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INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM
RDI landscape

In 2023, the total R&D workforce in research institutions approached 60,000 people. Of these, almost 62% worked

in businesses, 23% in higher education and 15% in other research institutions. The number of scientific publications related
to R&D exceeded 40,000, with two­thirds published in foreign languages.

Among research fields, engineering sciences experienced the most dynamic increase in R&D spending. In 2023, this sector
accounted for 57% of total R&D expenditures. Within engineering sciences, the largest share of R&D funding was allo­
cated to pharmaceutical research (14%), and electrical, electronic and IT engineering (15%). Natural sciences represented
the second­largest research discipline, with above­average growth in funding.

TOP 10 SCIENTIFIC FIELDS BY R&D EXPENDITURE

Electrical, electronic Other engineering
and IT engineering Mechanical engineering sciences

Pharmaceutical industry Medical sciences Social Sciences

Information technology Physical sciences

Civil, structural, transport Agricultural sciences
and utility engineering

Source: HCSO, 2023

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